PFAS "Forever Chemicals" in Baby Products: How to Spot and Avoid Them

PFAS, or "forever chemicals", are synthetic substances found in many baby products like strollers, car seats, and diapers due to their water-repellent and stain-resistant properties. However, these chemicals pose health risks, especially to newborns, as they can disrupt immune and developmental systems, cross the placenta, and linger in the body for years. Studies have linked PFAS exposure to preterm births, weakened immune responses, and long-term health issues.

To protect your baby:

• Avoid products labeled "stain-resistant", "waterproof", or "easy-clean."
• Look for certifications like GOTS, OEKO-TEX, or MADE SAFE, which screen for harmful chemicals.
• Choose natural materials like organic cotton, wool, or stainless steel for clothing, feeding items, and mattresses.
• Filter tap water with NSF-certified systems to reduce PFAS exposure.
• Replace non-stick cookware and avoid treated household items.

Reducing PFAS exposure takes effort, but small changes in product choices and home habits can make a big difference.

Health Risks of PFAS Exposure for Newborns

Emerging research is shedding light on the serious health concerns tied to PFAS exposure in newborns, building on the risks already identified.

PFAS exposure begins even before birth. These chemicals cross the placenta, exposing infants during crucial developmental periods. A study by Emory University's Rollins School of Public Health analyzed blood samples from 267 newborns in Atlanta between 2016 and 2020. The research found that mothers with higher PFAS levels were 1.5 times more likely to experience preterm or early-term births. Preterm birth, which accounts for one in six infant deaths, is the second-leading cause of infant mortality in the United States.

"It is crucial for us to understand the health effects of these chemicals so that we can find ways to protect babies to reduce preterm births and ultimately infant deaths." - Kaitlin Taibl, PhD Candidate, Emory University

These prenatal exposures don't just increase the likelihood of preterm birth - they also pave the way for developmental challenges after birth.

Effects on Infant Development

PFAS disrupt several critical systems in a newborn's developing body. A September 2025 study from the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry tracked 200 mother-infant pairs from the first trimester through the babies' first birthdays. The study revealed that infants with higher prenatal PFAS levels exhibited reduced T cells supporting B cell function - key immune cells for vaccine responses - and increased T cells associated with allergies and autoimmune disorders. These immune system changes became more evident as the children reached six and twelve months.

PFAS also acts as an endocrine disruptor, interfering with thyroid and steroid hormones essential for brain development and growth. Research involving 2,557 mother-child pairs in the Shanghai Birth Cohort found exposure to a mix of nine PFAS compounds was linked to lower cognitive, language, and motor scores at age two. Some infants showed nearly a 4-fold increased risk of hypotonia (low muscle tone) at just five weeks old.

While these immediate developmental effects are troubling, the long-term risks of PFAS exposure are equally concerning.

Long-Term Health Risks

The impact of early PFAS exposure doesn’t stop at infancy. Prenatal exposure has been linked to behavioral issues like hyperactivity and inattention. It may also weaken vaccine effectiveness, reducing protection against routine childhood diseases such as tetanus and diphtheria, leaving children more vulnerable to preventable illnesses.

"PFAS exposures, in conjunction with other exposures experienced by vulnerable populations... may work together to produce worse health effects for some populations." - Donghai Liang, PhD, Assistant Professor, Emory University

The hormonal and metabolic disruptions caused by PFAS can lead to chronic conditions that persist into adulthood. Infants, due to their higher intake and breathing rates relative to body weight, absorb more PFAS than adults. With over 95% of people in the U.S. already having detectable PFAS levels in their blood, reducing additional exposure through everyday consumer products is critical to protecting newborns.

How to Spot PFAS in Baby Products

Finding PFAS in baby products can be tricky because manufacturers rarely disclose their use. Knowing what to look for on labels, understanding key certifications, and researching brand policies can help you make safer choices for your child.

Warning Signs on Product Labels

Certain words on labels can hint at the presence of PFAS. Be cautious if you see terms like "stain-resistant", "waterproof", "water-repellent", "non-stick", "wipe-clean," or "wrinkle-free" - these often indicate chemical treatments. For example, independent tests found PFAS markers in 17% of reusable cloth diaper accessories with waterproof covers.

Starting July 1, 2026, Connecticut will require products with intentionally added PFAS to include labels like "Contains PFAS" or "Made with PFAS chemicals." However, most states don’t have similar requirements yet. Also, be wary of vague claims like "green", "eco-friendly", or "natural", as these don’t guarantee the absence of harmful chemicals. Instead, look for labels stating "fluorine-free," which is a more reliable indicator. "PFC-free" is another positive sign, but it only covers a smaller group of PFAS compounds out of the nearly 15,000 that exist.

"If a product sounds like it has supernatural properties, it was probably made with unsafe chemicals." - Dr. Jennifer Ohayon, Research Scientist, Silent Spring Institute

Safety Certifications to Look For

Certifications from trusted organizations can give you extra peace of mind. For example:

• GOTS (Global Organic Textile Standard): Bans all fluorochemicals in organic textiles.
• EWG Verified: Screens products against over 3,900 concerning chemicals, including PFAS.
• MADE SAFE: Ensures products are free from known harmful chemicals, including PFAS.

Another important certification is OEKO-TEX Standard 100, which banned intentional PFAS use starting January 1, 2024, and limits Total Organic Fluorine (TOF) to 100 mg/kg. Each OEKO-TEX label has a unique number you can verify online. However, older versions of this certification used a different testing method (EOF testing), which might miss certain PFAS types, like PTFE (commonly known as Teflon). When evaluating brands, look for those that publish independent lab results showing "non-detect" levels of Total Organic Fluorine using TOF testing.

Researching Brand Policies on PFAS

Once you’ve reviewed labels and certifications, dig deeper into a brand’s policies. Brands that are transparent about their chemical safety practices are usually your best bet. For instance, in June 2025, HealthyBaby became the first diaper brand to earn EWG Verified status, publishing third-party lab results showing non-detectable PFAS levels using TOF testing. Similarly, as of March 2025, Coterie shares a detailed "Diaper Safety Report" on its website, including lab tests for nearly 200 chemicals, confirming non-detectable PFAS levels.

If you’re unsure, reach out directly to manufacturers. Ask about their PFAS testing methods and whether they use TOF (the preferred method) or EOF. You can also cross-check their claims using third-party resources like PFAS Central, ChemSec's Marketplace, or the EWG database. Remember, infants are more vulnerable to absorbing chemicals, so it’s worth the extra effort.

"It shouldn't be up to the consumer to determine if a product is risky. That responsibility should lie with manufacturers and regulators to ensure products are safe." - Dr. Jennifer Ohayon, Research Scientist, Silent Spring Institute

PFAS-Free Alternatives for Common Baby Products

When it comes to protecting your baby from PFAS exposure, focusing on key products like clothing, feeding gear, and sleep surfaces is a smart move. These are the items your little one spends the most time in contact with, so choosing safer alternatives can make a big difference.

Clothing and Outerwear

Opt for natural fibers whenever possible. Fabrics like GOTS-certified organic cotton, hemp, linen, and TENCEL™ Lyocell avoid harmful chemical treatments. A 2023 study revealed that 89% of children's "stain-resistant" pajamas released measurable amounts of PFOA precursors within just two hours of exposure to artificial sweat. Start by replacing items that directly touch your baby's skin, such as underwear, socks, undershirts, and pajamas.

For outerwear, wool is a great choice because it’s naturally water-repellent and flame-resistant without needing chemical coatings. If wool isn’t an option, look for tightly woven, high-density fabrics that provide a physical barrier instead of relying on added treatments. Affordable brands like Quince, Little Planet by Carter's, Touched by Nature, and Primary offer organic cotton basics, while mid-range options like Jackalo, Nui Organics, and Makemake Organics specialize in items like merino wool.

Always wash new clothes before use to remove residues from manufacturing, and try to air-dry them. High heat from dryers can release PFAS particles if present. If a product claims to be certified by GOTS or OEKO-TEX, verify the certification by checking the 10-digit code in their public databases.

Next, let’s look at feeding gear to further limit exposure.

Bottles and Feeding Items

Switch to glass or stainless steel bottles instead of plastic. These materials are naturally free of PFAS and don’t require chemical coatings. Be cautious of products marketed as "stain-resistant", "water-repellent", "easy-clean", or "non-stick", as these often involve PFAS-based treatments. This applies to high chair inserts, bibs, and placemats as well.

If a brand advertises itself as PFAS-free, check that they use TOF (total organic fluorine) testing rather than relying on vague claims like "PFOA-free" or "PFC-free." Certifications from organizations like MADE SAFE or EWG Verified are more reliable, as they screen for the entire PFAS chemical class. For high chair trays, choose polypropylene without added "easy-wipe" coatings.

Mattresses and Sleep Products

Protecting your baby’s sleep environment is just as important as clothing and feeding gear. Since newborns spend so much time on their mattresses, this is a critical area to address. Research from the Environmental Working Group found PFAS in all tested baby bedding, and another 2022 study showed that 72% of "stain-resistant" bedding contained detectable levels of PFAS. With newborn skin being up to 40% more permeable than adult skin, avoiding these chemicals is essential.

Look for mattresses made with GOTS-certified organic cotton or natural latex, and check for GREENGUARD Gold certification to ensure low chemical emissions. For waterproofing, safer materials include food-grade, non-GMO sugarcane-derived polyethylene or polyurethane membranes. Steer clear of anything labeled with PTFE or Teflon. Wool is another excellent choice because it acts as a natural flame retardant, eliminating the need for chemical treatments. Brands like Naturepedic and Avocado even publish independent PFAS test results on their websites.

If you’re working within a tight budget, consider using a GOTS-certified organic barrier cover over a standard mattress to reduce exposure to off-gassing chemicals. Avoid polyester-cotton blends for bedding, as these are often treated with PFAS-based "easy-care" finishes. Instead, stick to undyed organic cotton or linen sheets for a safer sleep environment.

Other Ways to Reduce PFAS Exposure at Home

Minimizing PFAS exposure at home is just as crucial as selecting safer baby products. Your living environment can significantly contribute to exposure through drinking water, cookware, and everyday household items. By making specific changes, you can effectively lower PFAS levels in your home. Here are some practical ways to address key areas.

Filter Your Drinking Water

Tap water is a leading source of PFAS exposure. According to the EPA, as many as 105 million people in the U.S. may have tap water with PFAS levels exceeding safety guidelines. This is especially concerning for infants, as they consume more water relative to their body weight than adults, particularly when mixing formula.

Start by checking your local water quality through your provider or the EPA's PFAS Analytic Tools. If needed, install a water filter certified under NSF/ANSI 53 or 58 standards, which are tested for removing PFOA and PFOS - two well-studied PFAS compounds.

• Reverse osmosis (RO) systems: These systems are highly effective, removing over 94% of certain PFAS. While they can cost upwards of $1,000, they offer thorough filtration.
• Activated carbon filters: A more budget-friendly option, with pitcher or faucet-mounted models starting at around $20. However, these are less comprehensive than RO systems.

Remember to replace filters as recommended by the manufacturer. A saturated filter can actually release PFAS back into your water, increasing exposure.

Avoid Non-Stick Cookware

Non-stick pans coated with PTFE can release PFAS into your food and air, especially when scratched or overheated. This is particularly problematic when preparing food for babies. Other kitchen tools with non-stick coatings should also be examined.

Opt for alternatives like cast iron, stainless steel, or enameled cookware. Cast iron becomes naturally non-stick with proper seasoning, while stainless steel performs well with the right temperature control. For non-stick options, look for ceramic-based coatings labeled "PFAS-free" or "fluorine-free." Avoid products labeled only as "PFOA-free," as they may still contain other PFAS chemicals.

Replace scratched or chipped cookware immediately. For baking, choose parchment paper with silicone-based coatings or reusable silicone baking mats.

Replace Treated Household Items

PFAS are also present in household items like carpets, furniture, and food packaging, contributing to dust in your home. This is particularly concerning for babies, who spend time on the floor and frequently put their hands in their mouths.

Avoid carpets, rugs, and furniture labeled "waterproof", "stain-repellent", or "easy-clean," as these often indicate PFAS treatment. When replacing these items, choose untreated materials like wool or cotton, or look for certifications such as Green Seal, EPA Safer Choice, or OEKO-TEX. Retailers like Home Depot and Lowe's now offer PFAS-free carpet and rug options.

For food packaging, avoid heating items in grease-resistant containers or plastic. Pop popcorn on the stovetop instead of using microwave bags, which often contain PFAS. Opt for glass or uncoated paper packaging, or look for BPI-certified compostable packaging.

To reduce PFAS-laden dust, vacuum regularly with a HEPA filter and use damp cloths for dusting. For cleaning, simple alternatives like white vinegar, baking soda, and lemon juice are effective and safe.

Conclusion: Protecting Your Family from PFAS

Keep your newborn safe by identifying potential PFAS sources, such as crib mattresses and the water you use for formula. Look for certifications like GOTS and OEKO-TEX Standard 100 Class I to ensure products meet strict safety standards. Be cautious of labels like "stain-resistant" or "water-repellent" unless they come with reliable third-party verification. While PFAS, often called "forever chemicals", are found almost everywhere, there are steps you can take to reduce exposure.

The goal is progress, not perfection. Avoid being misled by vague terms like "natural" or "non-toxic" and instead rely on certifications that provide clear assurances.

"Prevention is the best approach, but don't let perfection stand in the way of making even small changes to minimize risk." - LeafScore

Simple actions can add up. Use water filters, switch from non-stick cookware to safer alternatives, vacuum with a HEPA filter to reduce dust, and opt for certified textiles. Every informed decision you make helps create a safer environment for your family.

FAQs

Which baby products are most likely to contain PFAS?

Baby items that often include PFAS are diapers, waterproof clothing, and outdoor rugs. These products typically rely on coatings designed to resist water, stains, or grease, which can contain these chemicals. Choosing alternatives without these coatings can help lower exposure to PFAS.

What label terms should I avoid when shopping for baby gear?

When shopping for baby products, steer clear of vague labels like “eco-friendly,” “green,” or “natural” unless they explicitly mention restrictions on PFAS. Instead, look for trusted certifications that actively limit PFAS. Some reliable ones include GOTS, OEKO-TEX® STANDARD 100 Class I, and EPA Safer Choice. These certifications can help you make safer choices for your baby.

How can I confirm a brand is truly PFAS-free?

To determine if a brand is free of PFAS, start by looking for certifications such as GOTS (Global Organic Textile Standard), OEKO-TEX® STANDARD 100 Class I, or EPA Safer Choice. These labels indicate that products meet standards for being free of harmful chemicals. Additionally, check for "PFAS-free" claims on product labels or reach out to the manufacturer directly to ask about their testing procedures. It's important to ensure that products are tested to avoid fluorinated chemicals and have less than 100 ppm total fluorine.